Fusion Weld Engineering in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | Commercial and industrial equipment supplier

Fusion Weld Engineering

Locality: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Phone: +61 3 5909 8218

Address: 1865 Frankston Flinders Road, Hastings 3915 Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Website: http://www.fusionweld.com.au

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25.01.2022 BRITTLE FRACTURE HAZARD IN PRESSURE VESSELS: REMEDIES AND SOLUTIONS Pressure vessels seem static, at least from a distance. They stand tall and resolute, but they also remain idle. Thats not exactly true, though. Pressure vessels swell as they endure hoop stress. They expand and contract slightly as fluid stresses change. Keeping them ductile, alloy elasticity and shape plasticity counteract the outward-facing energies. The metal bulges. Unfortunately, theres such a thing as a brittle fracture hazard. http://fusionweld.com.au/brittle-fracture-hazard-in-pressur

25.01.2022 UNDERSTANDING THE INFLUENCE OF LOCATION ON DETERMINING PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN Arent there already too many design factors to govern when designing pressure vessels? Fluid temperatures and pressures impact wall thicknesses and vessel geometries and alloy selections. Then theres the problem of catalysing state changes and who knows how many other process-dependent conditions, all of which require additional planning, as marked down on a draft revision. As if all of these elements werent already hard enough to juggle, there are situational determinants to consider as well. http://fusionweld.com.au/understanding-the-influence-of-loc

23.01.2022 HOW TO IDENTIFY FATIGUE POINTS WHILE INSPECTING PRESSURE VESSELS Although its true that pressure vessels are put through the proverbial wringer when subjected to an inspection, potential fatigue points arent quick to make themselves known. Of some concern, especially if the stress has only recently made itself known, vessel fatigue predicaments can elude an inspectors keen eye. To prevent one from flying under the radar, a change in approach is probably a good idea. http://fusionweld.com.au/how-to-identify-fatigue-points-whi

23.01.2022 SULPHURIC ACID TANKS FOR INDUSTRIAL USE Imagine a scenario where sulphuric acid is used. Now, take yourself inside that scenario supposing you are a manufacturer of this exceptionally destructive synthetic. At that point, you should discover suitable strategies to protect it. http://fusionweld.com.au/sulphuric-acid-tanks-for-industria

23.01.2022 A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON PRESSURE VESSEL FABRICATION Pressure vessel fabrication is an extremely complicated process. It involves the controlled cutting, bending, welding and assembling processes of metals for vessel fabrication. Aside from that, there are several safety requirements that must be adhered. Below is a brief overview on pressure vessel fabrication. http://fusionweld.com.au/a-brief-overview-on-pressure-vesse

21.01.2022 DE-ETHANIZER COLUMN MANUFACTURING: HOW SHOULD THIS PRODUCT WORK? De-ethanizer columns shape the skylines of chemical processing plants. Thats how large these towering metal structures can become, so a chosen manufacturing partner must be equipped to handle this kind of large-scale fabrication work. Functionally, the pressure vessels that fall under this fractionation category are designed to separate ethane from hydrocarbon-rich natural gas streams. In reality, theres more to the process than a simple separation mechanism. http://fusionweld.com.au/de-ethanizer-column-manufacturing-

21.01.2022 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS: OPTIMAL COOLING SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS Shell and tube heat exchangers are popular among many industrial and commercial applications for a good reason. For one thing, the cylindrical shells and their internally mounted tube stacks are efficient. Thats a prominent feature, one thats been put to good use in steamy-hot boiler rooms. Interestingly enough, because theyre so efficient, theyve found a second important role, one that facilitates the cooling of excessively hot system fluids. http://fusionweld.com.au/shell-and-tube-heat-exchangers-opt

21.01.2022 THE IMPORTANCE OF INSPECTION AND SAFETY CHECKS FOR TRANSPORTABLE PRESSURE VESSELS It is possible for transportable pressure vessels to incur a certain amount of damage upon installation. Since they are structured to be fastened to a static metal frame or welded onto a toughened mounting platform, the exactingly engineered vessels are then exposed to great pressures. Tortuous temperatures also persist in many processing environments. Built to safely convey pressurized gasses and combustible fluids, special conveyance solutions are imperative here so that the vessels can function as intended. Below is the importance of inspection and safety checks for transportable pressure vessels. http://fusionweld.com.au/the-importance-of-inspection-and-s

21.01.2022 IMPORTANT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN OPERATING PRESSURE VESSELS Pressure vessels can be dangerous to operate since they are large containers that store liquids or gases at high temperatures for various purposes. Also, the contents of these containers are kept at a higher pressure than the surrounding pressure. When the pressure is not monitored and maintained correctly, it can cause serious, if not lethal, issues. While some may cause only damage to the vessel, other ones can cause physical harm and even death. To prevent these problems from occurring, the following important safety precautions must be taken at all times when operating pressure vessels. http://fusionweld.com.au/important-safety-precautions-when-

19.01.2022 UNDERSTANDING INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL STORAGE TANKS With regards to putting away ignitable substances, dangerous mixes, and profoundly destructive chemicals in mass amounts -- industrial storage tanks have gotten essential. These dependable storage units are perfect to keep them safe and forestall the danger of spilling. It is normally realized that when these chemical tanks spill, they may come into contact with people and cause the skin to consume. http://fusionweld.com.au/understanding-industrial-chemical-

19.01.2022 THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESSURE VESSEL INSPECTION TO AVOID POTENTIAL EXPLOSION HAZARD Straight to the point, for this is too serious of a matter to tolerate any distractions, this post turns towards the possibility of an explosion hazard. The pressure vessel industry has worked hard to minimize such potentially life-threatening hazards. No other risk factor consumes the attention of a design engineer more than this prospect. Of course, there are contingency plans in place, but thats not enough, not nearly. http://fusionweld.com.au/the-importance-of-pressure-vessel-

19.01.2022 THE IMPORTANCE OF FREQUENT INSPECTIONS TO MINIMISE PRESSURE VESSEL DOWNTIME While any industrial equipment needs routine inspections and maintenance, this goes double for pressure vessels due to the fact that when they malfunction, personal injury and property damage can happen in the most severe situations. Remember that these vessels work by pressurising their contents at the right temperature. They keep such things as chemicals, oil, gas, beverages and food safe and secure... until access to them is necessary. You should never underestimate the importance of frequent inspections to minimise pressure vessel downtime. These inspections can detect problems before they cause a major shutdown or worse yet, an explosion caused by too much pressure just for two examples of serious issues that can occur with these vessels. Below, we discuss the many advantages of conducting these inspections with regularity to further illustrate their importance. http://fusionweld.com.au/the-importance-of-frequent-inspect

19.01.2022 AIR RECEIVER VESSELS: HOW OFTEN SHOULD THEY BE INSPECTED? An air receiver is probably the most common type of unfired pressure vessel. However, due to minimum size inspection thresholds employed by the vast majority of jurisdictions, many of the smaller air receivers will not qualify for a mandatory in service inspection. The typical inspection threshold sizes referenced in jurisdictional regulations are 5 cubic feet or 15 cubic feet in volume as long as the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) does not exceed 250 psi, or 1- cubic feet in volume as long as the MAWP does not exceed 600 psi. The inspector must review the jurisdictions inspection requirements to ensure compliance with the appropriate size and pressure limitations. http://fusionweld.com.au/air-receiver-vessels-how-often-sho

19.01.2022 AN OVERVIEW ABOUT FIELD ERECTED TANKS The storage tank needs may vary for different projects, with a field erected tank being the suitable solution for some projects while some other type of tank being fit for other projects. If you think your project requires a field erected storage tank, it’s important to know certain things about such tanks. Below is an overview about field erected tanks. http://fusionweld.com.au/an-overview-about-field-erected-ta

18.01.2022 PRESSURE VESSEL REGULATIONS IN AUSTRALIA: WHAT ARE THE MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS? In order to safeguard the Australian populace, pressure vessels in our nation are backed by a comprehensively researched set of site-protecting guidelines. In reality, these are more than guiding principles. Theyre legislative documents, lawfully conceived and instituted directives that must be heeded. By the designers, by the site managers and employees, by all maintenance contractors, too, these regulations are written in stone as mandatory requirements. http://fusionweld.com.au/pressure-vessel-regulations-in-aus

18.01.2022 IDENTIFYING PRESSURE VESSEL NOZZLE PROBLEMS FROM CRACKING PATTERNS Potentially seen as a pressure vessel weak point, nozzle problems have been known to take precedence over other design features. As a matter of course, vessel geometries, wall thicknesses and weld seams account for the majority of this expert teams focus. All the same, from a safety standpoint, welded vessel nozzles are treated with equal respect, for they have been known to develop significant flaws. http://fusionweld.com.au/identifying-pressure-vessel-nozzle

18.01.2022 SAFETY PARAMETERS CONSIDERED DURING PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN AND TESTING According to engineering manuals, pressure vessels are exactingly fabricated containment units. Each tank-like fluid shell is designed by engineering professionals to safely contain overwhelming outward-acting fluid energies. The pressures rise above 100 kPa and keep on climbing. Then there are temperature fluctuations and chemical reactions, which add more punch to an already strained metal framework. Preventing the strain and volatile chemical reactions from violating a system-ingrained hazard threshold, scores of vessel safety parameters must be implemented. http://fusionweld.com.au/safety-parameters-considered-durin

17.01.2022 PRESSURE VESSEL MATERIALS FOR DIFFERENT PRESSURE VESSEL APPLICATIONS As the post heading implies, there are different types of pressure vessel materials, and they are used in different applications. Destined for a variety of fundamentally contrasting usage domains, its easy enough to alter the geometry of a pressure vessel or to thicken its walls. Along with those function-specific features, though, a tank-like frame must present a steel-hardened backbone, which can flex but never rupture. Is steel, then, really the ideal choice? http://fusionweld.com.au/pressure-vessel-materials-for-diff

16.01.2022 THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESSURE EQUIPMENT PLANT INSPECTION AT THE COMMISSIONING STAGE Due to hazard factors, a pressurized vessel requires curated documentation and logging. The service work is conducted on a schedule, so as to evaluate structural changes that have, in all probability, occurred over a predictable period of time. These changes are systemically and naturally induced. A transient pressure spike incurred by an unstable chemical state switch represents a systemic event.... Conversely, external corrosive agents need to be factored in as potentially troublesome external influences. They require prompt and aggressive solutions. Again, without this degree of on-site diligence, the stressed fluid container could explode or leak its volatile contents, so the service must take account of all environmental and temporal issues on a case-by-case basis. http://fusionweld.com.au/the-importance-of-pressure-equipme

16.01.2022 THE IMPORTANCE OF DETERMINING THE RIGHT SIZE OF PRESSURE VESSELS As observed in past articles, pressure vessels are made in different shapes. Dependent on a containment units role, it could assume a spheroidal outline, a cylindrical shape, or some kind of composite outline, midway between a sphere and a cylinder. Indeed, these capsule shapes are popular across countless industrial applications. What about the size of a vessel, though? After the shape is decided, how big will it need to be? http://fusionweld.com.au/the-importance-of-determining-the-

16.01.2022 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ASME CODES, AND THEIR IMPORTANCE TO PRESSURE VESSEL MANUFACTURING Pressure vessels must be built with utmost care to ensure that they operate safely at all times. The reason for this is that their purpose is to hold volatile liquids, semi-solid substances and gases at specific pressures and at times, temperatures. All this means that it is mandatory for the manufacturers to adhere to all necessary specifications during the design, engineering, and fabr...ication stages in order to include all features that help the pressure vessels perform optimally day after day. Failure to do so can lead to unprofitable down times, minor injuries, catastrophic accidents and deaths. Luckily, manufacturers have the ASME Codes to guide them in their endeavours to create safe, reliable pressure vessels. In many cases, it is illegal for industries to use vessels that do not adhere to these codes. The following information will educate you further on these codes. http://fusionweld.com.au/a-brief-introduction-to-asme-codes

13.01.2022 POTENTIAL STRESSES ON PRESSURE VESSEL WALLS TO CONSIDER DURING THE DESIGN PROCESS Foreign terms are used when describing pressure vessel wall stresses. Well, lets say that theyre foreign to the average engineer but very familiar to every fluid containment specialist. Hoop stress, fluid state change stress, temperature transient expansion and contraction stress, all of these metal-fatiguing pressures push outwards. Of course, since these containment units are designed from highly durable alloys, theyre intended to be thin-walled vessels. And therein lies the problem. http://fusionweld.com.au/potential-stresses-on-pressure-ves

13.01.2022 UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRESSURE VESSEL HEADS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Its easy to point out a pair of hemispherical pressure vessel heads. They look like half-sphere end caps. Indeed, their perfectly round outlines make fluid storage vessels look like giant pills. Designed to provide a consistent dish radius, this ideal shape is popular because its good at distributing heavy fluid pressures. However, thats not always going to be the case, so designers have come up with several alternative vessel head profiles. http://fusionweld.com.au/understanding-the-different-types-

13.01.2022 IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESSURE VESSEL MANUFACTURING Pressure vessels contain all kinds of fluids, some of which are combustible. Other containment facilities store non-combustible gases and liquids. True, these are two different installation layouts, but they have one thing in common: both facility types contain massive amounts of kinetic energy. That means if there is a manufacturing defect present, even on a system that contains a non-combustible fluid, a catastrophic incident could occur. http://fusionweld.com.au/important-requirements-for-pressur

13.01.2022 RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING IN PRESSURE VESSELS: A NON-DESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION PROCESS Without preamble, lets talk about non-destructive pressure vessel testing. Long story short, vessel welds are not exposed to damaging sampling energies when theyre inspected by NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) equipment. Now, done with the generalities from the outset, youll be taking a look at Radiographic Testing (RT). A little like the X-Ray machines used in hospitals, this technology uses penetrating electromagnetic rays to examine a realm thats normally concealed. http://fusionweld.com.au/radiographic-testing-in-pressure-v

12.01.2022 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGNS THAT MEET INDUSTRY REQUIREMENTS Pressure vessel designs need to be highly detailed and meet or exceed various industry requirements in order to operate safely and efficiently. Most of the time manufacturers of the vessels are adept at making both non-code and ISO or ASME vessels. Which type is right for you depends upon why you require one. http://fusionweld.com.au/pressure-vessel-designs-that-meet-

12.01.2022 PLATE BY PLATE METHOD AND COILING METHOD MANUFACTURING OF STORAGE TANKS The main method of development of storage tanks is the plate-by-plate method of the shells, bottoms and roofs. It infers that the shell plate of most extreme sise 250010000 mm and the base sheets are set up at the production line site, they are moved to the range, specified by the plan project. At that point the sheet components are pressed in an exceptional manner to be ready for transportation. Shell and base get together (welding) is completed on the building site. http://fusionweld.com.au/plate-by-plate-method-and-coiling-

10.01.2022 THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CHOOSING QUALITY PRESSURE EQUIPMENT One of the lines businesses try to walk is getting value for purchased equipment without paying too much. This line forces the purchasing manager to consider decisions without prior regard to the closest possible cost. When calculating, the bottom line is too many purchasing decision-makers have an alarming tendency to underestimate the impact of these estimations. Consequently, overestimating them is the most possible mistake they commit http://fusionweld.com.au/things-to-consider-in-choosing-qua

09.01.2022 IDEAL MATERIALS USED FOR PRESSURE VESSEL MANUFACTURE Even when a fabrication service has access to the finest manufacturing facilities, its not possible to manufacture a high-performance pressure vessel if its not equipped with an alloy-strengthened material backbone. Stretching that metaphor just a little further, the materials require flexibility, again, just like a backbone. To put it another way, the fluid containment alloy has to be ductile so that the vessel walls can expand and contract. http://fusionweld.com.au/ideal-materials-used-for-pressure-

09.01.2022 PRESSURE VESSEL SAFETY GUIDELINES IN HANDLING AND STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS When handling flammable liquids in Australia, you turn to the AS1940:2017 guidelines. Its in this document that the different classifications of combustible liquids are detailed. They deal with denser state fluids, plus the vapours that are discharged by those condensates. From handling the potentially incendiary fluids, the regulations turn a cautious virtual eye towards their storage. From handling guidelines to pressure vessel storage cautionary measures, the procedures amass. http://fusionweld.com.au/pressure-vessel-safety-guidelines-

08.01.2022 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY AND PERFORMANCE OF A PRESSURE VESSEL Standing in harsh industrial settings, pressure vessels are built to work efficiently and to last for ages. Therefore, if theres really a process-hampering factor or material-debilitating influence lurking, one thats silently undermining a pressure vessels key design features, it needs to be identified and removed fast. By failing to address such matters, structural integrity issues are imminent. That, most unequivocally, is not an acceptable outcome. http://fusionweld.com.au/factors-that-affect-the-structural

08.01.2022 LARGE SITE-BUILT TANKS PROCEDURES BEFORE FABRICATION Pressure vessel fabrication is an extremely complicated process. It involves the controlled cutting, bending, welding and assembling processes of metals for vessel fabrication. Aside from that, there are several safety requirements that must be adhered. Below is a brief overview on pressure vessel fabrication. http://fusionweld.com.au/large-site-built-tanks-procedures-

08.01.2022 AN ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO FABRICATED STORAGE TANKS Storage tank has an amazingly wide definition. While it sounds sufficiently straightforward, custom fabricated storage tanks can be planned and worked to contain organic fluids, non-organic fluids, fumes, or solids. These custom tanks are explicitly structured and worked in light of a customers need and utilisation. Enterprises where storage tanks can be found are commonly businesses devouring or creating great, fluids, and or fumes. Enterprises like oil either in delivering or manufacturing oil, concoction building and or manufacturing, and the agribusiness business for mass storage. Below is an essential guide to fabricated storage tanks. http://fusionweld.com.au/an-essential-guide-to-fabricated-s

07.01.2022 WHAT ARE THE RISKS AND HAZARDS INVOLVED IN PRESSURE VESSEL EQUIPMENT? When dealing with pressure equipment, there are a variety of risks present due to misuse of the equipment or accidents around the equipment. While the actual causes of the danger could vary greatly, the actual inherent risk associated with pressure equipment comes from only three sources. http://fusionweld.com.au/what-are-the-risks-and-hazards-inv

07.01.2022 CODE-COMPLIANT HIGH PRESSURE VESSEL MANUFACTURER IN AUSTRALIA It is very important to understand the mandatory requirements and applicable Australian Standards (AS) if you opt to acquire a high-pressure vessel in Australia. It is to not only ensure your equipment is safe to operate, but also avoid fines that may come with non-compliance to Australias current safety laws and legislation. Below are reason why you should choose a code compliant high pressure vessel manufacturer in Australia. http://fusionweld.com.au/code-compliant-high-pressure-vesse

06.01.2022 SIX MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ABOVE GROUND AND UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS Storage tanks are enormous compartments to store gases, petroleum, diesel, synthetic, and other combustible things for various business purposes. It relies on the special business needs which sort of tank material ( like steel, fibreglass, and metal) you are needing. While working with these consistently you should be protected and cautious as these can prompt mishaps. http://fusionweld.com.au/six-major-differences-between-abov

06.01.2022 AN OVERVIEW ABOUT INDUSTRIAL FUEL STORAGE TANKS Generally speaking, industrial storage tanks are used to contain gas, oil, water and petro-chemical products for industrial usage. It has several sizes and shapes and can be positioned underground, horizontal and vertical. It can also be made out of concrete, stone, fiberglass, steel or plastic. Since it has various styles, uses and functions, they are most often categorised based on the substance they contain. One major category is industrial fuel storage tanks. Below is an overview of industrial fuel storage tanks. http://fusionweld.com.au/an-overview-about-industrial-fuel-

06.01.2022 SIGNIFICANCE OF WEIGHT MEASUREMENTS IN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN Pressure vessel designs in Australia must be compliant with AS1200, AS1210, AS3920, AS 3788, AS4037, AS4458, AS4343, AS3992, AS2791, ASME VIII, ASME IX, EN286-1 and many other national and international standards. Pressure vessel design involves parameters such as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature, safety factor, corrosion allowance and minimum design temperature (for brittle fracture). Pressure vesse...ls are held together against the gas pressure due to tensile forces within the walls of the container. The mass of a certain pressure vessel must scale with the volume of the gas it contains. Generally speaking, weight measurements are important in a pressure vessel design. Below are the significance of weight measurements in pressure vessel design. http://fusionweld.com.au/significance-of-weight-measurement

05.01.2022 THE IMPORTANCE OF ADHERING TO QUALITY MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS IN VESSEL DESIGN AND IN-SERVICE INSPECTIONS Sunken gaseous resources necessitate a unique focus on equally unique variables, such as the composition of the soil and the likelihood of unforeseen subterranean site irregularities. This is because geological and geographical sciences hold sway down here, and they require almost as much consideration as any engineering problem or architectural issue. In evaluating these subterranean variables, we need to assess the efficiency and quality requirements of this below-ground scenario. That all sounds a little ambiguous, which isn't a word that should ever be allowed in an engineer's vocabulary, so details are needed. http://fusionweld.com.au/the-importance-of-adhering-to-qual

05.01.2022 PRESSURE EQUIPMENT INSPECTION AND THE ROLE OF AICIP PRESSURE VESSEL INSPECTOR Pressure equipment, in itself is a technicality most people dont want to associate with. For them, it is an extremely complicated matter best left for experts. In simpler terms, pressure equipment are made to contain high-pressure liquids and state-changing chemicals. In order to do this efficiently, pressure equipment must have high-temperature exchangers that operates and adheres to certain standards. As such, these details must be thoroughly inspected and quite frankly would not necessarily suffice. Luckily, there are in-service inspections and AICIP pressure vessel inspectors that would come to your aid. http://fusionweld.com.au/pressure-equipment-inspection-and-

05.01.2022 FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO PRESSURE VESSEL FAILURE Engineers just have to look at the latest pressure vessel rupture alerts to see how serious this issue has become. To combat the dangers, investigative teams are assembling. They trek to the source of recent failures to examine the damage, to determine the causative factors that are shared by the various accident sites. Their goal is to compile an investigative report, one thatll eventually cause a dramatic fall-off in vessel accidents. http://fusionweld.com.au/factors-that-contribute-to-pressur

05.01.2022 WHAT IS HYDROSTATIC TESTING IN PRESSURE VESSELS? The descriptive term provides an important clue, so were ready to take a guess at the role this test technique plays. Being engineers, however, theres no room for guessing, so lets get the explanations down in black-and-white right now. Hydrostatic testing, as utilized on a pressure vessel, uses water as a seal inspection medium. http://fusionweld.com.au/what-is-hydrostatic-testing-in-pre

03.01.2022 A COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF OIL STORAGE TANK An oil storage tank is an above-ground storage tank that is made up of metal. Its intended to store a range of industrial fluids and oil, particularly the unrefined variant. According to leading industrial tank manufacturers, this standard offers guidelines on its construction investigation, alteration, repair, and reconstruction of all above-ground steel tank utilized in businesses. Below is a complete guide to the construction of oil storage tank. http://fusionweld.com.au/a-complete-guide-to-the-constructi

02.01.2022 WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS? In any event 10 per cent of a tank's volume is covered underground, it tends to be named as underground storage tank (UST). Underground funnels comprise a few underground tanks. These tanks are then utilised to store controlled fluids, for example, oil or some other unsafe substances. The codes and regulations of certain nations attempt to forestall fluid spillage that can defile soil and underground water. http://fusionweld.com.au/what-are-the-4-types-of-undergroun

01.01.2022 TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS Engineers rarely work in settings that afford simple binary determinations. Trained to draft custom-designed products, systems that explicitly suit uniquely specced, client-nominated applications, there are many shades of grey to sift through before a blueprint can be finalized. For instance, a design professional cant just ask for a shell and tube heat exchanger, not when there are a dozen variations on a theme to review before setting pen to paper. http://fusionweld.com.au/types-and-applications-of-shell-an